utils¶

edrixs.utils.CT_imp_bath(U_dd, Delta, n)[source]¶

Compute energies of the impurity and bath for an Anderson impurity or charge-transfer model appropriate for a \(d\)-shell transition metal compound.

Parameters:

U_dd: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_{dd}\)
Delta: float: Charge-transfer energy \(\Delta\)
ninteger: Number of electrons in the \(d\)-shell

Returns:

E_dfloat: Energy of the impurity states \(E_d\)
E_Lfloat: Energy of the bath states \(E_L\)

Notes

We credit our approach to Maurits Hakverkort, Heidelberg University. We define the state with a full set of bath orbitals to be zero energy and write the energy levels using the same definitions as [1] [2] [3].

\(d^{n}L^{10}\) has energy \(0\)
\(d^{n+1}L^9\) has energy \(\Delta\)
\(d^{n+2}L^8\) has energy \(2\Delta + U_{dd}\)

Using this we can write and solve three linear equations to get \(E_d\) and \(E_L\) the energies of the impurity and bath.

\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned} 10 E_L + n E_d + n(n-1) \frac{U_{dd}}{2} &= 0 \\ 9 E_L + (n+1) E_d + (n+1)n \frac{U_{dd}}{2} &= \Delta \\ 8 E_L + (n+2) E_d + (n+1)(n+2) \frac{U_{dd}}{2} &= 2\Delta + U_{dd} \end{aligned}\end{split}\]

The solutions are:

\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned} E_d &= \frac{10 \Delta - n (19 + n) U_{dd}/2}{10 + n} \\ E_L &= \frac{n ((1+n) U_{dd}/2-\Delta)}{10 + n} \end{aligned}.\end{split}\]

References

[1]

J. Zaanen, G. A. Sawatzky, and J. W. Allen Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 418 (1985)

[2]

Maurits Haverkort et al., Phys. Rev. B 85, 165113 (2012)

[3]

A. E. Bocquet et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 1161 (1996)

edrixs.utils.CT_imp_bath_core_hole(U_dd, U_pd, Delta, n)[source]¶

Compute energies of the impurity and bath for an Anderson impurity or charge-transfer model appropriate for a \(d\)-shell transition metal compound with a core hole.

Parameters:

U_dd: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_{dd}\)
U_pd: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_{pd}\)
Delta: float: Charge-transfer energy \(\Delta\)
ninteger: Number of electrons in the \(d\)-shell \(n\)

Returns:

E_dcfloat: Energy of the impurity states \(E_{dc}\) with a core hole
E_Lcfloat: Energy of the bath states \(E_{Lc}\) with a core hole
E_pfloat: Energy of the core hole state \(E_\textrm{E_p}\)

Notes

We credit our approach to Maurits Hakverkort, Heidelberg University. We define the state with a full set of bath orbitals to be zero energy and write the energy levels using the same definitions as [1] [2] [3].

\(2p^5 d^{n}L^{10}\) has energy \(0\)
\(2p^5 d^{n+1}L^9\) has energy \(\Delta + U_{dd} - U_{pd}\)
\(2p^5 d^{n+2}L^8\) has energy \(2\Delta + 3 U_{dd} - 2 U_{pd}\)

Using this we can write and solve linear equations to get \(E_{dc}\), \(E_{Lc}\) and \(E_p\) the energies of the impurity and bath with a core hole and the energy of the core hole.

\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned} 6 E_p + 10 E_{Lc} + n E_{dc} + n(n-1) \frac{U_{dd}}{2} + 6 n U_{pd} &= 0 \\ 6 E_p + 9 E_{Lc} + (n+1) E_{dc} + (n+1)n \frac{U_{dd}}{2} + 6 (n+1) U_{pd} &= \Delta \\ 6 E_p + 8 E_{Lc} + (n+2) E_{d} + (n+1)(n+2) \frac{U_{dd}}{2} + 6 (n+2) U_{pd} &= 2 \Delta+U_{dd} \\ 5 E_p + 10 E_{Lc} + (n+1) E_{d} + (n+1) n \frac{U_{dd}}{2} + 5 (n+1) U_{pd} &= 0 \\ 5 E_p + 9 E_{Lc} + (n+2) E_{dc} + (n+2)(n+1) \frac{U_{dd}}{2} + 5 (n+2) U_{pd} &= \Delta+U_{dd}-U_{pd} \\ 5 E_p + 8 E_{Lc} + (n+3) E_{dc} + (n+3)(n+2) \frac{U_{dd}}{2} + 5 (n+3) U_{pd} &= 2 \Delta+3 U_{dd}-2 U_{pd} \end{aligned}\end{split}\]

The solutions are:

\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned} E_{dc} &= \frac{10 \Delta - n (31+n) \frac{U_{dd}}{2}-90 U_{pd}}{16+n} \\ E_{Lc} &= \frac{(1+n) (n \frac{U_{dd}}{2}+6*U_{pd})-(6+n) \Delta}{16+n} \\ E_p &= \frac{10 \Delta + (1+n)(n\frac{U_{dd}}{2}-(10+n)*U_{pd}}{16+n} \end{aligned}\end{split}\]

References

[1]

J. Zaanen, G. A. Sawatzky, and J. W. Allen Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 418 (1985)

[2]

Maurits Haverkort et al., Phys. Rev. B 85, 165113 (2012)

[3]

A. E. Bocquet et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 1161 (1996)

edrixs.utils.F0F2F4F6_to_UdJH(F0, F2, F4, F6)[source]¶

Given \(F_0\), \(F_2\), \(F_4\) and \(F_6\), return \(U_d\) and \(J_H\), for \(f\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

F0: float: Slater integral \(F_0\).
F2: float: Slater integral \(F_2\).
F4: float: Slater integral \(F_4\).
F6: float: Slater integral \(F_6\).

Returns:

Ud: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_d\).
JH: float: Hund’s coupling \(J_H\).

edrixs.utils.F0F2F4_to_UJ(F0, F2, F4)[source]¶

Given \(F_0\), \(F_2\) and \(F_4\), return \(U\) and \(J\), for \(t2g\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

F0: float: Slater integral \(F_0\).
F2: float: Slater integral \(F_2\).
F4: float: Slater integral \(F_4\).

Returns:

U: float: Coulomb interaction \(U\).
J: float: Hund’s coupling \(J\).

edrixs.utils.F0F2F4_to_UdJH(F0, F2, F4)[source]¶

Given \(F_0\), \(F_2\) and \(F_4\), return \(U_d\) and \(J_H\), for \(d\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

F0: float: Slater integral \(F_0\).
F2: float: Slater integral \(F_2\).
F4: float: Slater integral \(F_4\).

Returns:

Ud: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_d\).
JH: float: Hund’s coupling \(J_H\).

edrixs.utils.UJ_to_UdJH(U, J)[source]¶

Given Kanamori \(U\) and \(J\), return \(U_d\) and \(J_H\), for \(t2g\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

U: float: Coulomb interaction \(U\).
J: float: Hund’s coupling \(J\).

Returns:

Ud: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_d\).
JH: float: Hund’s coupling \(J_{H}\).

edrixs.utils.UdJH_to_F0F2F4(Ud, JH)[source]¶

Given \(U_d\) and \(J_H\), return \(F_0\), \(F_2\) and \(F_4\), for \(d\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

Ud: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_d\).
JH: float: Hund’s coupling \(J_H\).

Returns:

F0: float: Slater integral \(F_0\).
F2: float: Slater integral \(F_2\).
F4: float: Slater integral \(F_4\).

edrixs.utils.UdJH_to_F0F2F4F6(Ud, JH)[source]¶

Given \(U_d\) and \(J_H\), return \(F_0\), \(F_2\), \(F_4\) and \(F_6\), for \(f\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

Ud: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_d\).
JH: float: Hund’s coupling \(J_H\).

Returns:

F0: float: Slater integral \(F_0\).
F2: float: Slater integral \(F_2\).
F4: float: Slater integral \(F_4\).
F6: float: Slater integral \(F_6\).

edrixs.utils.UdJH_to_UJ(Ud, JH)[source]¶

Given \(U_d\) and \(J_H\), return Kanamori \(U\) and \(J\), for \(t2g\)-orbitals.

Parameters:

Ud: float: Coulomb interaction \(U_d\).
JH: float: Hund’s coupling \(J_H\).

Returns:

U: float: Coulomb interaction \(U\) in Kanamori form.
J: float: Hund’s coupling \(J\) in Kanamori form.

edrixs.utils.beta_to_kelvin(beta)[source]¶

Convert \(\beta\) to Kelvin.

Parameters:

beta: float: Inversion temperature.

Returns:

T: float: Temperature (K).

edrixs.utils.boltz_dist(gs, T)[source]¶

Return Boltzmann distributition.

Parameters:

gs: 1d float array: Energy levels.
T: float: Temperature in Kelvin.

Returns:

res: 1d float array: The Boltzmann distributition.

edrixs.utils.case_to_shell_name(case)[source]¶

Return the shell names for different cases.

Parameters:

case: string: A string describing the shells included.

Returns:

shell_name: tuple of one or two strings: The name of shells.

Examples

>>> import edrixs
>>> edrixs.case_to_shell_name('d')
('d',)
>>> edrixs.case_to_shell_name('t2gp32')
('t2g', 'p32')

edrixs.utils.edge_to_shell_name(edge_name, with_main_qn=False)[source]¶

Given edge name, return shell name. If one needs to include both spin-orbit split edges of one shell, one can use string, for example, ‘L23’ means both L2 and L3 edges are considered in the calculations, and the shell name will be ‘p’.

Parameters:

edge_name: string

Standard edge name.

with_main_qn: logical

If true, the shell name will include the main quantum number.

Returns

——-

shell_name: string

Shell name.

with_main_qn=True, shell_name will include the main quantum number, for example, 2p
with_main_qn=False, shell_name will not include the main quantum number, for example, p

edrixs.utils.get_atom_data(atom, v_name, v_noccu, edge=None, trans_to_which=1, label=None)[source]¶

Return Slater integrals, spin-orbit coupling strength, edge energy and core hole life-time broadening for an atom with given type of valence shells, occupancy of valence shells and the x-ray resonant edge.

The Slater integrals and spin-orbit coupling are calculated by Cowan’s code (https://github.com/mretegan/atomic-parameters) based on Hartree-Fock approximation. These numbers are just initial guess and serve as a start point, you need to rescale them to reproduce your XAS or RIXS spectra.

NOTE: F0 is not calculated by Cowan’s code, they are all set to be zero, you need to set F0 by yourself.

Parameters:

atom: string

Name of atom, for example, ‘Ni’, ‘Cu’, ‘Ir’, ‘U’.

v_name: a string or a tuple of one or two strings

Names of one or two valence shells. Set it to a single string if there is only one valence shell, or set it to a tuple of two strings if there are two valence shells. For example, v_name=’3d’, v_name=(‘3d’, ‘4p’)

v_noccu: a int or a tuple of one or two ints

Occupancy of valence shells before x-ray absorption (without a core hole). Set it to a single int if there is only one valence shell, or set it to a tuple of two ints if there are two valence shells. The order should be consistent with that in v_name. For example, v_name=’3d’, v_noccu=8, v_name=(‘3d’, ‘4p’), v_noccu=(8, 0).

edge: a string

X-ray resonant edge. If edge is not None, both the information of the initial (without a core hole) and intermediate (with a core hole) Hamiltonians will be returned, otherwise, only the information of the initial Hamiltonian will be returned. It can be,

K, L1, L2, L3, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, P1, P2, P3
L23 (both L2 and L3), M23 (both M2 and M3), M45 (both M4 and M5) N23 (both N2 and N3), N45 (both N4 and N5), N67 (both N6 and N7) O23 (both O2 and O3), O45 (both O4 and O5), P23 (both P2 and P3)

trans_to_which: int

If there are two valence shells, this variable is used to indicate which valence shell the photon transition happens.

1: to the first valence shell
2: to the second valence shell

label: a string or tuple of strings

User-defined symbols to label the names of Slater integrals.

one element, for the valence shell
two elements, 1st (2nd)-element for the 1st (2nd) valence shells or 1st-element for the 1st valence shell and the 2nd one for the core shell.
three elements, the 1st (2nd)-element is for the 1st (2nd) valence shell, the 3rd one is for the core shell

Returns:

res: dict

Atomic data. A dict likes this if edge is None:

res={
    'slater_i': [(name of slater integrals, vaule of slater integrals), (), ...],
    'v_soc': [list of SOC for each atomic shell in v_name],
}

otherwise,

res={
    'slater_i': [(name of slater integrals, value of slater integrals), (), ...],
    'slater_n': [(name of slater integrals, value of slater integrals), (), ...],
    'v_soc': [list of SOC for each atomic shell in v_name],
    'c_soc': SOC of core shell,
    'edge_ene': [list of edge energy, 2 elements if edge is any of
    "L23, M23, M45, N23, N45, N67, O23, O45, P23", othewise only 1 element],
    'gamma_c': [list of core hole life-time broadening, 2 elements if edge is any of
    "L23, M23, M45, N23, N45, N67, O23, O45, P23", othewise only 1 element],
}

Examples

>>> import edrixs
>>> res = edrixs.get_atom_data('Ni', v_name='3d', v_noccu=8)
>>> res
{'slater_i': [('F0_11', 0.0), ('F2_11', 13.886), ('F4_11', 8.67)],
 'v_soc_i': [0.112]}
>>> name, slater = [list(i) for i in zip(*res['slater_i'])]
>>> name
['F0_11', 'F2_11', 'F4_11']
>>> slater
[0.0, 13.886, 8.67]
>>> slater = [i * 0.8 for i in slater]
>>> slater[0] = edrixs.get_F0('d', slater[1], slater[2])
>>> slater
[0.5728507936507936, 11.1088, 6.936]

>>> import edrixs
>>> res=edrixs.get_atom_data('Ni', v_name='3d', v_noccu=8, edge='L3', label=('d', 'p'))
>>> res
{'slater_i': [('F0_dd', 0.0), ('F2_dd', 12.234), ('F4_dd', 7.598)],
 'v_soc_i': [0.083],
 'slater_n': [('F0_dd', 0.0), ('F2_dd', 12.234), ('F4_dd', 7.598),
  ('F0_dp', 0.0), ('F2_dp', 7.721), ('G1_dp', 5.787), ('G3_dp', 3.291),
  ('F0_pp', 0.0), ('F2_pp', 0.0)],
 'v_soc_n': [0.102],
 'c_soc': 11.507,
 'edge_ene': [852.7],
 'gamma_c': [0.275]}
>>> name_i, slater_i = [list(i) for i in zip(*res['slater_i'])]
>>> name_n, slater_n = [list(i) for i in zip(*res['slater_n'])]
>>> name_i
['F0_dd', 'F2_dd', 'F4_dd']
>>> slater_i
[0.0, 12.234, 7.598]
>>> name_n
['F0_dd', 'F2_dd', 'F4_dd', 'F0_dp', 'F2_dp', 'G1_dp', 'G3_dp', 'F0_pp', 'F2_pp']
>>> slater_n
[0.0, 12.234, 7.598, 0.0, 7.721, 5.787, 3.291, 0.0, 0.0]
>>> slater_n[0] = edrixs.get_F0('d', slater_n[1], slater_n[2])
>>> slater_n[3] = edrixs.get_F0('dp', slater_n[5], slater_n[6])
>>> slater_n
[0.6295873015873016, 12.234, 7.598, 0.5268428571428572, 7.721, 5.787, 3.291, 0.0, 0.0]

>>> import edrixs
>>> import collections
>>> res=edrixs.get_atom_data('Ni', v_name=('3d', '4p'), v_noccu=(8, 0),
...     edge='K', trans_to_which=2, label=('d', 'p', 's'))
>>> res
{'slater_i': [('F0_dd', 0.0), ('F2_dd', 12.234), ('F4_dd', 7.598),
  ('F0_dp', 0.0), ('F2_dp', 0.0), ('G1_dp', 0.0), ('G3_dp', 0.0),
  ('F0_pp', 0.0), ('F2_pp', 0.0)],
 'v_soc_i': [0.083, 0.0],
 'slater_n': [('F0_dd', 0.0), ('F2_dd', 13.851), ('F4_dd', 8.643),
  ('F0_dp', 0.0), ('F2_dp', 2.299), ('G1_dp', 0.828), ('G3_dp', 0.713),
  ('F0_pp', 0.0), ('F2_pp', 0.0),
  ('F0_ds', 0.0), ('G2_ds', 0.079),
  ('F0_ps', 0.0), ('G1_ps', 0.194),
  ('F0_ss', 0.0)],
 'v_soc_n': [0.113, 0.093],
 'c_soc': 0.0,
 'edge_ene': [8333.0],
 'gamma_c': [0.81]}
>>> slat_i = collections.OrderedDict(res['slater_i'])
>>> slat_n = collections.OrderedDict(res['slater_n'])
>>> list(slat_i.keys())
['F0_dd', 'F2_dd', 'F4_dd', 'F0_dp', 'F2_dp', 'G1_dp', 'G3_dp', 'F0_pp', 'F2_pp']
>>> list(slat_i.values())
[0.0, 12.234, 7.598, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
>>> list(slat_n.keys())
['F0_dd', 'F2_dd', 'F4_dd', 'F0_dp', 'F2_dp', 'G1_dp', 'G3_dp', 'F0_pp', 'F2_pp',
 'F0_ds', 'G2_ds', 'F0_ps', 'G1_ps', 'F0_ss']
>>> list(slat_n.values())
[0.0, 13.851, 8.643, 0.0, 2.299, 0.828, 0.713, 0.0, 0.0,
 0.0, 0.079, 0.0, 0.194, 0.0]

edrixs.utils.info_atomic_shell()[source]¶

Return a dict to describe the information of atomic shell. The key is a string of the shell’s name, the value is a 2-elments tuple, the first value is the orbital angular moment number and the second value is the dimension of the Hilbert space.

Returns:

info: dict: The dict describing info of atomic shell.

edrixs.utils.kelvin_to_beta(k)[source]¶

Convert temperature from Kelvin to \(\beta\).

Parameters:

k: float: Temperature in Kelvin.

Returns:

beta: float: Inversion temperature.

edrixs.utils.rescale(old_list, scale=None)[source]¶

Rescale a 1d list.

Parameters:

old_list: 1d list of numerical values: Input list.
scale: a list of tuples: The scaling factors.

Returns:

new_list: 1d list: The rescaled list.

edrixs.utils.slater_integrals_name(shell_name, label=None)[source]¶

Given shell names, return the names of required Slater integrals. The order of these names in the return list is according to the convention:

For 1 shell: [FX_11]
For 2 shells: [FX_11, FX_12, GX_12, FX_22]
For 3 shells: [FX_11, FX_12, GX_12, FX_22, FX_13, GX_13, FX_23, GX_23, FX_33]

where, X=0, 2, 4, 6, or X=1, 3, 5, X shoule be in ascending order.

Parameters:

shell_name: tuple of strings

Name of shells. Its length should be less and equal than 3.

label: tuple of strings

Label of shells, same shape as shell_name.

If not provided, label will be set to

label=(1,) for one shell, or
label=(1,2) for two shells, or
label=(1,2,3) for three shells

Returns:

res: list of strings: Names of Slater integrals.